Wernher Von Braun and The History of the V-2 Rocket

Wernher Von Braun and The History of the V-2 Rocket Rockets and missiles can serve as weapons systems that  deliver explosive warheads to targets by means of rocket propulsion. Rocket is a general term that describes any jet-propelled missile which is thrust forward from the rearward ejection of matter like hot gases. Rocketry was originally developed in China when firework displays and gunpowder were invented. Hyder Ali, prince of Mysore, India, developed the first war rockets in the 18th century, using metal cylinders to hold the combustion powder needed for propulsion. The First A-4 Rocket Then, eventually, came the A-4 rocket. Later called the  V-2, the A-4 was a single-stage rocket developed by the Germans and  fueled by alcohol and liquid oxygen. It stood 46.1 feet high and had a thrust of 56,000 pounds. The A-4 had a payload capacity of 2,200 pounds and could reach a velocity of 3,500 miles per hour. The first A-4 was launched from Peenemunde, Germany on October 3, 1942. It reached an altitude of 60 miles, breaking the sound barrier. It was the worlds first launch of a ballistic missile and the first rocket ever to go into the fringes of space. The Rockets Beginnings Rocket clubs were springing up all over Germany in the early 1930s. A young engineer named Wernher von Braun joined one of them, the Verein fur Raumschiffarht or Rocket Society. The German military was searching for a weapon at the time that would not violate the Versailles Treaty of World War I but would defend its country. Artillery captain  Walter Dornberger  was assigned to investigate the feasibility of using rockets. Dornberger visited the Rocket Society. Impressed with the club’s enthusiasm, he offered its members the equivalent of $400 to build a rocket.   Von Braun worked on the project through the spring and summer of 1932 only to have the rocket fail when it was tested by the military. But Dornberger was impressed with von Braun and hired him to lead the militarys rocket artillery unit. Von Brauns natural talents as a leader shined, as well as his ability to assimilate great quantities of data while keeping the big picture in mind.  By 1934, von Braun and Dornberger had a team of 80 engineers in place, building rockets in Kummersdorf, about 60 miles south of Berlin.   A New Facility With the successful launch of two rockets, Max and Moritz, in 1934, von Brauns proposal to work on a jet-assisted take-off device for heavy bombers and all-rocket fighters was granted. But Kummersdorf was too small for the task. A new facility had to be built. Peenemunde, located on the Baltic coast, was chosen as the new site. Peenemunde was large enough to launch and monitor rockets over ranges up to about 200 miles with optical and electric observing instruments along the trajectory. Its location posed no risk of harming people or property. The A-4 Becomes the A-2 By now, Hitler had taken over Germany and  Herman Goering ruled the Luftwaffe. Dornberger held a public test of the A-2 and it was successful. Funding continued to flow in to von Brauns team, and they went on to develop the A-3 and, finally, the A-4. Hitler decided to use the A-4 as a vengeance weapon in 1943, and the group found themselves developing the A-4 to rain explosives on London. Fourteen months after Hitler ordered it into production, on September 7, 1944, the first combat A-4 now called the V-2 was launched toward Western Europe. When the first V-2 hit London, von Braun remarked to his colleagues, The rocket worked perfectly except for landing on the wrong planet. The Teams Fate The SS and the Gestapo ultimately arrested von Braun for crimes against the state because he persisted in talking about building rockets that would orbit the earth and perhaps even go to the moon. His crime was indulging in frivolous dreams when he should have been concentrating on building bigger rocket bombs for the Nazi war machine. Dornberger convinced the SS and the Gestapo to release von Braun because there would be no V-2 without him and Hitler would have them all shot. When he arrived back at Peenemunde, von Braun immediately assembled his planning staff. He asked them  to decide how and to whom they should surrender. Most of the scientists were frightened of the Russians. They felt the French would treat them like slaves, and the British did not have enough money to fund a rocket program. That left the Americans. Von Braun stole a train with forged papers and ultimately led 500 people through war-torn Germany to surrender to the Americans. The SS was issued orders to kill the German engineers, who hid their notes in a mine shaft and evaded their own army while searching for the Americans. Finally, the team found an American private and surrendered to him. The Americans immediately went to Peenemunde and Nordhausen and captured all the remaining V-2s and V-2 parts.  They destroyed both places with explosives. The Americans brought over 300 train cars loaded with spare V-2 parts to the U.S. Many of von Brauns production team were captured by the Russians.

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Marketing BDD proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing BDD proposal - Essay Example After which, BDD believes that HMC will be better off as a key account in the company to better take advantage of its multidivisional efforts. This proposal will show how HMC can best utilize its strategic partnership with BDD in response to its current financial dilemma. Our company is currently aware that HMC is in a tight financial situation due to the decline in state funding. In this regard, HMC seeks to reduce medical management cost by $175,000, $100,000 of which is assigned to medical acquisition cost. BDD is also aware that the company sought a supplier which can possibly slash the prices currently charged to HMC. Thus, Terumo, a Japanese manufacturer offered to charge a price 15% lower than HMC. Further evaluation revealed that Terumo's products passed the standard of the hospital and was thus considered. Slashing the medical acquisition cost of 15% will lead to $32,000 cost savings. It is of BDD's interest to help HMC with its effort to cut operating cost through this proposal. The counter proposal of BDD far outweighs the cost savings to be generated should HMC accept Terumo's offer. Initially, BDD offers to cut the HMC's acquisition cost by 10%. At first, it might seem that Terumo offers higher cost advantage than BDD as the proposed 10% cut will only reflect a $21,333 saving as opposed to $32,000. However, BDD will undermine the first offer by posting more cost savings in the form of value-added services. It should be noted that BDD wants to convey more value to HMC in the form of add-on services not covered in the deal with Terumo. Through the partnership of BDD and HMC, the latter avails of the basic services offered by the company which include fulfillment accuracy, on time delivery, damage-free goods, efficient order-inquiry routines, effective sales representation, accurate invoicing, and efficient in-servicing of end users. Acceptance of this proposal will assure HMC of the aforementioned services. However, it should be noted that deciding to choose Terumo will risk incurring the associated cost should the company fail to delivery the above services. It is irrefutable that Terumo's inability to ensure efficiency will be recorded as other costs. It is estimated that ordering inefficiency alone will HMC incur $2,500 a year. It is assumed that HMC acquire additional $8,500 if Terumo fails to deliver BDD's basic services. This significantly erodes the cost savings initially covered by Terumo's $32,000 cost savings. It should also be noted that since Terumo cannot supply all the syringes and needles provided b y HMC, this will cost another $7,000 for HMC. Thus, HMC will only be able to save $16,500 if it chooses to accept the proposal of Terumo. As HMC will be converted into a key account instead of a national account, it will also benefit from BDD's multidivisional efforts. The table below summarizes the cost savings of HMC between the two alternatives. Aside from the 10% discount, HMC will also directly benefit from the multidivisional effort of BDD in the form of lower ordering, transportation, warehousing, and disposal cost. In the multidivisional program, HMC will not need to place order every now and then as BDD's information system facilitates automatic ordering. This reduction in operation processes is expected to generate a $2,000 savings

War Songs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

War Songs - Essay Example War Songs The modern society just like the ancient society used music to express to warm, teach, praise, and console the society. War is like a double aged sword that cut with both edges. In the same way, war has devastating effects to the parties involved in it. Though war may be necessary in the society, it is always wise to choose peace. With this understanding, this paper explores the effects of war in the society. Quest for political supremacy is a major factor that contributes to war in the world. Political wings, which crave for power, may sometimes fail to identify the need for peace, thus instigating war in the society. In many cases, war has many negative impacts to the world than positive impacts. War has psychological, physical, economical, and social effects to the society. War period is a difficult time for the soldiers and the civilians. People abandon their normal activities and search for peaceful environment. Children and women usually face the worst time in their lives during war because they are weak. Running from one battleground to the other would be difficult for women and children. When mothers and children flee from war torn regions, the males would be walking into the battlefield. I oppose war because of effects it has to the community. These effects include destruction of property and life. War is a destroyer of human efforts. Many social norms advocate for human rights, but war destroys human life. Bob Dylan song, With God On Our Side, portrays how quest for power can lead to war.

Realism Term Paper -- Political Science

Realism by definition is an approach to global politics derived from the tradition of power politics and belief that behavior is determined by the search for and distribution of power. [5] By using the concept of power it is easy to discuss basics of realism. Realist theories are based of beliefs that states are motivated by aggressive or defensive urges, the national interest is survival and states are unitary actors each moving towards their own national interest.[4] The first key feature of realism is statism. Statism is an idea that the state is an accurate representative of the will of its people.[4] The state is sovereign and therefore is able to govern itself as it wants. With this sovereignty that state is able to institute security. After a state has established security it is then able to continue with a communal culture. In international relationships however sovereignty does not supply security therefore a state must vie with its neighboring states to accomplish it. This can lead to a power struggle to ensure that state’s people can live in security.[5] A second key point of realism is survival. Survival to realists is rather simple; the state with the most power stands a better likelihood of survival. Naturally it is believed that survival is the definitive objective of realism. To guarantee survival a state may stray from their set of ethics because it cannot worry about moral issues. If state were to hold onto its set of beliefs, it may suffer at the expense of a more powerful state. In realism cases there are two conflicting segments, defensive and offensive realists.[5] A state with a defensive realist perspective believes they must obtain enough power to ensure security, but not so much power that their security... ... event. Works Cited 1. http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/trUploads/Yazilar/Dosyalar/201229_ortadoguetutler_volume3_no2.pdf#page=11). Ozlem TUR. January 2012. ORSAM. 13 Apr. 2012 2. (http://www.laidi.com/sitedp/sites/default/files/The%20Arab%20Counterrevolution_0.pdf). Hussein Agha and Robert Malley. September 29 2011. The New York Review of Books. 13 Apr. 2012 3. (http://www.pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/POMEPS_BriefBooklet4_Syria-TEXT_WEB-1.pdf) Mona Yacoubian and Radwan Ziadeh. 4 May 2011 Project on Middle East Political Science. 13 Apr. 2012 4. Tim Dunne and Brian C. Schmidt, â€Å"Realism,† in John Baylis and Steve Smith, The Globalization of Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, 3rd ed. (Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 162-183. 5. Mansbach, Richard and Kirsten Taylor, Introduction to Global Politics. New York: Routledge. 2008 Print

Heart of Darkness †An Allegory? Essay

Heart of Darkness is in its entirety not an allegory. Its surface is too profound and meaningful to allow itself to be interpreted in more than two ways. There are however several parts in the novel that hint at the opposite and that prove that the context of the novel can be seen from more than one angle. This can mainly be perceived in the life of Mr. Kurtz, as his descent into madness can be seen as an allegory for the colonization and destruction of the African continent and its people by the Europeans. Because just as Kurtz was a perfectly sane and normal man before he went into the African wilderness so were also the European nations very civilized before they came to Africa. And just as the nations of Europe governed Africa and its people without rules and restrictions so did isolation compel Mr. Kurtz to live his life without boundaries. Proof of this can be found on page 83, â€Å"His mother was half-English his father was half-French. All of Europe contributed to the making of Kurtz.† This shows that Kurtz can be seen as a symbol of Europe, as he is the typical European explorer – ambitious, greedy and adventurous. And if Kurtz is Europe embodied then it would be quite logical that Africa should be represented by the â€Å"harlequin† (p.87) his faithful Russian comrade. Their relation greatly resembles that of the relation between Africa and Europe, although the African people act quite differently to their â€Å"masters† compared to how the Russian acted towards Kurtz. The similarities lay in how the master treats the subordinate. â€Å"He wanted to shoot me too one day†¦.I had a small lot of ivory†¦he wanted it, and wouldn’t hear reason†¦and there was nothing on earth to prevent him killing whom he jolly well pleased.†(p.92). The way Kurtz treats the Russian is mirrored in the way the Europeans governed Africa and extracted its riches. They stopped at nothing to make their colonies as effective and prosperous as possible. This of course included killing any opposition, or in the words of Conrad, killing whoever they jolly well pleased. In conclusion it can be said that the two voyages in Heart of Darkness, the one in the mind and the one on the Congo River, are not as much an allegory  as they are descriptions of two separate, but still closely linked, plot developments. For example, as the company sails ever closer to Kurtz and the heart of the African jungle Marlow’s internal voyage alters his morals and opinions according to his experiences. This might seem as an allegory to some, as it features two separate levels, one relatively superficial the other underlying and sometimes also very symbolic, as when Kurtz is portrayed as a devil. However the novel misses out on the most important aspect of an allegory, that of it having a layer used only to represent or suggest other elements, often abstract, than those found in the main story. So although Heart of Darkness contains much symbolism and dual meanings, it falls short of being a true allegory of anything, but perhaps the voyage of Mr. Kurtz soul.

What is the F-Distribution

There are many probability distributions that are used throughout statistics. For example, the standard normal distribution, or bell curve, is probably the most widely recognized.  Normal distributions are only one type of distribution.  One very useful probability distribution for studying population variances is called the F-distribution. We will examine several of the properties of this type of distribution. Basic Properties The probability density formula for the F-distribution is quite complicated.  In practice, we do not need to be concerned with this formula. It can, however, be quite helpful to know some of the details of the properties concerning the F-distribution. A few of the more important features of this distribution are listed below: The F-distribution is a family of distributions. This means that there is an infinite number of different F-distributions. The particular F-distribution that we use for an application depends upon the number of degrees of freedom that our sample has. This feature of the F-distribution is similar to both the t-distribution and the chi-square distribution.The F-distribution is either zero or positive, so there are no negative values for F. This feature of the F-distribution is similar to the chi-square distribution.The F-distribution is skewed to the right. Thus this probability distribution is nonsymmetrical. This feature of the F-distribution is similar to the chi-square distribution. These are some of the more important and easily identified features. We will look more closely at the degrees of freedom. Degrees of Freedom One feature shared by chi-square distributions, t-distributions, and F-distributions is that there is really an infinite family of each of these distributions. A particular distribution is singled out by knowing the number of degrees of freedom. For a t distribution, the number of degrees of freedom is one less than our sample size. The number of degrees of freedom for an F-distribution is determined in a different manner than for a t-distribution or even chi-square distribution. We will see below exactly how an F-distribution arises. For now, we will only consider enough to determine the number of degrees of freedom. The F-distribution is derived from a ratio involving two populations. There is a sample from each of these populations and thus there are degrees of freedom for both of these samples. In fact, we subtract one from both of the sample sizes to determine our two numbers of degrees of freedom. Statistics from these populations combine in a fraction for the F-statistic. Both the numerator and denominator have degrees of freedom. Rather than combining these two numbers into another number, we retain both of them. Therefore any use of an F-distribution table requires us to look up two different degrees of freedom. Uses of the F-Distribution The F-distribution arises from inferential statistics concerning population variances. More specifically, we use an F-distribution when we are studying the ratio of the variances of two normally distributed populations. The F-distribution is not solely used to construct confidence intervals and test hypotheses about population variances. This type of distribution is also used in a one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANOVA is concerned with comparing the variation between several groups and variation within each group.  To accomplish this we utilize a ratio of variances. This ratio of variances has the F-distribution.  A somewhat complicated formula allows us to calculate an F-statistic as a test statistic.